Materials¶

Solid material specification¶

The material of the substrate and powder is set in the Material section of the JSON file. It should be a string. The MaterialsLibrary section of the JSON file should containing the material specification for the string.

MaterialsLibrary is an entry with key-value pairs, where the key string should be in specified in the Material field and the value in an entry is of the following format. Here is an example for the user specification of the user material.

Key	Value type	Default value
`name`	string	UserDefinedMaterial
The name of the material.
`density`	value	8000.0
Liquid density (kg/m³).
`viscosity`	value	7e-07
Liquid viscosity (m²/s).
`tdiffusivitySolid`	list of values	[[300, 3e-06], [1000, 4e-06]]
`tdiffusivityLiquid`	list of values	[[2000, 5e-06], [3000, 6e-06]]
Thermal diffusivity (m²/s) in Solid and Liquid depends on temperature (K), and this dependency is set with piecewise-linear function. The value of this setting is in the format `[T1, tdiffusivity(T1)], [T2, tdiffusivity(T2)]`.
`transientConduction`	string	Phase
Thermal conductivity type in transient region. \(T_{\text{solidus}}<T<T_{\text{liquidus}}\). Possible types are `Phase` and `Temperature`
`surfTension`	value	2.0
array of value pairs — surface tension at different temperatures in the following format: `[[T1, surface_tension_at_T1], [T2, surface_tension_at_T2]]`, where `T1` and `T2` in Kelvin, and `surface_tension` is in N/m (for example `[[1500,2.0],[1600,1.5]]`). Array may contain 1 element (constant surface tension), 2 elements (linear approximation) or more elements (fitted according to the Debroy paper)
`mushyPDAS`	value	-1.0
Primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) (m) in the mushy zone. Negative value means that the physics in the mushy zone is the same as it is in liquid.
`Tsolidus`	value	1536.0
`Tliquidus`	value	1632.0
\(T_{\text{solidus}}\) and \(T_{\text{liquidus}}\) (K).
`HeatCapacityIntervalsT`	list of values	[0, 300, 780, 880, 1536, 5000]
`HeatCapacityVolumeVals`	list of values	[4000000.0, 4150000.0, 4800000.0, 5200000.0, 5200000.0, 5200000.0]
Volumetric heat capacity (J/(m³K)) depends on temperature. The dependency is set via temperature points \([T_1, T_2, ...]\) and values \([c_{vol,1}, c_{vol,2}, ...]\). See the expression below the table.
`LatentHeat`	value	2160000000.0
Latent heat of melting (J/m³)
`RayAbsorptionSolid`	list of values	[[300, 0.3], [1000, 0.35]]
`RayAbsorptionLiquid`	list of values	[[1632, 0.35], [3000, 0.25]]
Ray absorption ratio for solid and for liquid phases. The ratios depend on temperature (K), and the dependency is presented as a piecewise linear function. The function is set by pairs: `T, RayAbsorption(T)`
`components`	NA
dictionary — Material components weight composition with names, eg {“name1”: 0.3, “name2”: “balanced”}
`atomicNumber`	value	22
`atomicMass`	value	47.867
Atomic number and atomic mass (amu)
`Evaporation`	JSON data
Evaporation model parameters section

The expression for the volumetric heat capacity if HeatCapacityIntervalsT is \([T_1, T_2, ..., T_n]\) and HeatCapacityVolumeVals is \([c_{vol,1}, c_{vol,2}, ..., c_{vol,n}]\),

\[\begin{split}&T_1=0; \\ c_{vol}= & c_{vol,1}, \quad \text{if } T_1<T<T_2; \\ c_{vol}= & c_{vol,2}, \quad\text{if } T_2<T<T_3; \\ ...\\ c_{vol}= & c_{vol,n}, \quad\text{if } T_n<T.\end{split}\]

The expression for the heat capacity is \(c_{vol} = c_p\rho\)

The Evaporation section includes

Key	Value type	Default value
`name`	string	Unknown
The name of the evaporation preset
`SatPressureName`	string	Antonie
The choice of the evaporation model. The possible types are `Antonie`, `AntonieExtended`, `ClausiusClapeyron`
`atomWeight`	value	58.6934
Atomic weight (amu)
`gamma`	value	1.6666666666666667
Specific heat ratio
`coeffA`	value	11.672
`coeffB`	value	20765.0
`coeffC`	value	0.0
`coeffD`	value	0
`coeffE`	value	0
`coeffF`	value	0
Coefficients for the AntonieExtended model
`Tboiling`	value	0
`Tcritical`	value	0
\(T_{\text{boiling}}\) and \(T_{\text{critical}}\) (K) for the ClausiusClapeyron saturated pressure model
`LatentHeatVaporization`	value	0
number — Latent heat of vaporization in J/kg used for ClausiusClapeyron saturated pressure model

To use another material, add the MaterialsLibrary to your JSON file, and, in it, specify a gas in the same format. Then, specify the name of your material in the Material section of the JSON file.

All default values for every built-in material can be changed. If you want to adjust the properties of a built-in material, you can specify only the field you need to adjust in the JSON file. For example, to use the AA5182 material with custom density:

{
  ...

  "Material": "AA5182",
  ...

  "MaterialsLibrary": {
    "AA5182": {
      "density"               : 2700.0,
  }
}

Gas material specification¶

The properties of the gas in the gas chamber influence the evaporation process. Here is the explanation of the material settings on the example of the built-in argon gas. The entry is in the MaterialsLibrary section of the JSON file. To use another gas, add the MaterialsLibrary to your JSON file, and, in it, specify a gas in the following format.

Key	Value type	Default value
`name`	string	Argon
Name of the gas
`atomWeight`	value	39.95
Atomic weight, a.u.
`gamma`	value	1.6666666666666667
Specific heat ratio, dimensionless
`viscosity`	value	2.2e-05
Gas viscosity, Pa･s
`referenceVisc`	value	2.2e-05
Gas Reference Viscosity at 300K, Pa･s
`SutherlandConstant`	value	114
Gas effective temperature (Sutherland Constant), K
`thermalCond`	value	0.02
Gas thermal conductivity, kg･m/(sec³･K)
`density`	value	1.62
Gas Density (used in the Whitaker convection model, kg/m³
`Prandtl`	value	0.7
Prandtl number, dimensionless

To use the specified gas, its name should be in the Camera.AmbientGas field of the JSON file.

Built-in Materials¶

Some materials are already specified in the default.json file. These materials are verified for the use in KiSSAM.

Ar¶

{
  "name": "Argon",
  "atomWeight": 39.95,
  "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
  "viscosity": 2.2e-05,
  "referenceVisc": 2.2e-05,
  "SutherlandConstant": 114,
  "thermalCond": 0.02,
  "density": 1.62,
  "Prandtl": 0.7
}

UserMaterial¶

{
  "name": "UserDefinedMaterial",
  "density": 8000.0,
  "viscosity": 7e-07,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      3e-06
    ],
    [
      1000,
      4e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      2000,
      5e-06
    ],
    [
      3000,
      6e-06
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": 2.0,
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1536.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1632.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    300,
    780,
    880,
    1536,
    5000
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    4000000.0,
    4150000.0,
    4800000.0,
    5200000.0,
    5200000.0,
    5200000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 2160000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1000,
      0.35
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1632,
      0.35
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.25
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 22,
  "atomicMass": 47.867,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Unknown",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 58.6934,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.672,
    "coeffB": 20765.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0
  }
}

AA5182¶

{
  "name": "Aluminum Alloy 5182",
  "density": 2300.0,
  "viscosity": 5e-06,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      4.99e-05
    ],
    [
      800,
      4.99e-05
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      900,
      3.5e-05
    ],
    [
      1200,
      4e-05
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      850,
      0.8
    ],
    [
      1850,
      0.45
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1,
  "Tsolidus": 850.0,
  "Tliquidus": 911.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    850.0
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    2415000.0,
    2760000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 908500000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.05
    ],
    [
      800,
      0.08
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      900,
      0.088
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.18
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 13,
  "atomicMass": 27,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Al",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 27,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 10.917,
    "coeffB": 16211,
    "coeffC": 0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 2329,
    "Tcritical": 6300,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 10500000.0
  }
}

CoCr¶

{
  "name": "ASTM F75CoCr",
  "density": 7800.0,
  "viscosity": 6e-07,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      3.6e-06
    ],
    [
      1577,
      7.43e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1689,
      5.7e-06
    ],
    [
      3000,
      1.042e-05
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1577,
      1.881
    ],
    [
      2577,
      1.431
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1577.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1689.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    300,
    700,
    1200,
    1577,
    1689,
    2500,
    3000
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    4200000.0,
    4200000.0,
    5000000.0,
    6000000.0,
    6400000.0,
    6200000.0,
    5400000.0,
    5000000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 2150000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1689,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1689,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 22,
  "atomicMass": 47.867,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Cobalt",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 58.6934,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.494,
    "coeffB": 20578.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0
  }
}

In625¶

{
  "name": "Inconel625",
  "density": 8000.0,
  "viscosity": 7e-07,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      2.914e-06
    ],
    [
      1563,
      5.44e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1623,
      5.68e-06
    ],
    [
      3000,
      8.434e-06
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1563,
      1.9
    ],
    [
      2563,
      1.55
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1563.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1623.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    900,
    1563
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    4000000.0,
    5500000.0,
    6000000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 2656000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1623,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1623,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 28,
  "atomicMass": 58.7,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Nickel",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 58.67,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.672,
    "coeffB": 20765.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0
  }
}

Ti6Al4V¶

{
  "name": "Ti6Al4V",
  "density": 3920.0,
  "viscosity": 2.6e-06,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      298,
      2.788e-06
    ],
    [
      1873,
      9.024e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1923,
      1.04e-05
    ],
    [
      2173,
      1.116e-05
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1877,
      1.5
    ],
    [
      2877,
      1.05
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1877.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1923.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    1173,
    1373,
    1923,
    2173
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    2840000.0,
    4040000.0,
    3030000.0,
    3160000.0,
    3160000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 1143000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1000,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1923,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "components": {
    "Al": 0.05,
    "Ti": "balanced"
  },
  "atomicNumber": 22,
  "atomicMass": 47.867,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Unknown",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 47.867,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.364,
    "coeffB": 22747.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0,
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "Ti",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 47.867,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          11.364,
          22747.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Al",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 26.981539,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          10.917,
          16211.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      }
    ],
    "ActivityMixingCoeffs": {
      "L0": [
        -108250,
        38
      ],
      "L1": [
        -6000,
        5
      ],
      "L2": [
        15000,
        0
      ]
    }
  }
}

SS316L¶

{
  "name": "SS316L",
  "density": 6881.0,
  "viscosity": 5.2e-07,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      3.6e-06
    ],
    [
      1573,
      6e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1723,
      5e-06
    ],
    [
      1873,
      5.4e-06
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1675,
      1.76
    ],
    [
      2675,
      0.856
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": 1e-06,
  "Tsolidus": 1675.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1708.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    300,
    1000,
    1658,
    1708,
    2000
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    3740000.0,
    4200000.0,
    5200000.0,
    5600000.0,
    5600000.0,
    5600000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 1930000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1675,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1708,
      0.35
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.35
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 26,
  "atomicMass": 55.845,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Unknown",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 55.845,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.353,
    "coeffB": 19574.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0,
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "Fe",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 55.845,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          11.353,
          19574.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "S",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 32.065,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          10.0,
          3500.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

NiTi¶

{
  "name": "NiTi",
  "density": 6050.0,
  "viscosity": 1.2e-06,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      3.37e-06
    ],
    [
      1513,
      8.2e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1583,
      8.5e-06
    ],
    [
      3000,
      1.42e-05
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1513,
      1.51
    ],
    [
      3300,
      1.03
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1513.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1583.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    300,
    1513,
    1583,
    3000
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    3180000.0,
    3180000.0,
    3390000.0,
    3410000.0,
    6000000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 2239000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.2
    ],
    [
      1600,
      0.26
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1600,
      0.26
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.26
    ]
  ],
  "components": {
    "Ni": 0.55,
    "Ti": "balanced"
  },
  "atomicNumber": 28,
  "atomicMass": 58.69,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "single-component",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 58.69,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.672,
    "coeffB": 20765.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0,
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "Ni",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 58.69,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          11.672,
          20765.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Ti",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 47.867,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          11.364,
          22747.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      }
    ],
    "ActivityMixingCoeffs": {
      "L0": [
        -153707,
        34.8594
      ],
      "L1": [
        -81824.8,
        25.8099
      ],
      "L2": [
        0,
        -10.0779
      ]
    }
  }
}