Materials

Solid material specification

The material of the substrate and powder is set in the Material section of the JSON file. It should be a string. The MaterialsLibrary section of the JSON file should containing the material specification for the string.

MaterialsLibrary is an entry with key-value pairs, where the key string should be in specified in the Material field and the value in an entry is of the following format. Here is an example for the user specification of the user material.

Key

Value type

Default value

name

string

UserDefinedMaterial

The name of the material.

density

value

8000.0

Liquid density (kg/m³).

viscosity

value

7e-07

Liquid viscosity (m²/s).

tdiffusivitySolid

list of values

[[300, 3e-06], [1000, 4e-06]]

tdiffusivityLiquid

list of values

[[2000, 5e-06], [3000, 6e-06]]

Thermal diffusivity (m²/s) in Solid and Liquid depends on temperature (K), and this dependency is set with piecewise-linear function. The value of this setting is in the format [T1, tdiffusivity(T1)], [T2, tdiffusivity(T2)].

transientConduction

string

Phase

Thermal conductivity type in transient region. \(T_{\text{solidus}}<T<T_{\text{liquidus}}\). Possible types are Phase and Temperature

surfTension

value

2.0

array of value pairs — surface tension at different temperatures in the following format: [[T1, surface_tension_at_T1], [T2, surface_tension_at_T2]], where T1 and T2 in Kelvin, and surface_tension is in N/m (for example [[1500,2.0],[1600,1.5]]). Array may contain 1 element (constant surface tension), 2 elements (linear approximation) or more elements (fitted according to the Debroy paper)

mushyPDAS

value

-1.0

Primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) (m) in the mushy zone. Negative value means that the physics in the mushy zone is the same as it is in liquid.

Tsolidus

value

1536.0

Tliquidus

value

1632.0

\(T_{\text{solidus}}\) and \(T_{\text{liquidus}}\) (K).

HeatCapacityIntervalsT

list of values

[0, 300, 780, 880, 1536, 5000]

HeatCapacityVolumeVals

list of values

[4000000.0, 4150000.0, 4800000.0, 5200000.0, 5200000.0, 5200000.0]

Volumetric heat capacity (J/(m³K)) depends on temperature. The dependency is set via temperature points \([T_1, T_2, ...]\) and values \([c_{vol,1}, c_{vol,2}, ...]\). See the expression below the table.

LatentHeat

value

2160000000.0

Latent heat of melting (J/m³)

RayAbsorptionSolid

list of values

[[300, 0.3], [1000, 0.35]]

RayAbsorptionLiquid

list of values

[[1632, 0.35], [3000, 0.25]]

Ray absorption ratio for solid and for liquid phases. The ratios depend on temperature (K), and the dependency is presented as a piecewise linear function. The function is set by pairs: T, RayAbsorption(T)

components

NA

dictionary — Material components weight composition with names, eg {“name1”: 0.3, “name2”: “balanced”}

atomicNumber

value

22

atomicMass

value

47.867

Atomic number and atomic mass (amu)

Evaporation

JSON data

Evaporation model parameters section

The expression for the volumetric heat capacity if HeatCapacityIntervalsT is \([T_1, T_2, ..., T_n]\) and HeatCapacityVolumeVals is \([c_{vol,1}, c_{vol,2}, ..., c_{vol,n}]\),

\[\begin{split}&T_1=0; \\ c_{vol}= & c_{vol,1}, \quad \text{if } T_1<T<T_2; \\ c_{vol}= & c_{vol,2}, \quad\text{if } T_2<T<T_3; \\ ...\\ c_{vol}= & c_{vol,n}, \quad\text{if } T_n<T.\end{split}\]

The expression for the heat capacity is \(c_{vol} = c_p\rho\)

The Evaporation section includes

Key

Value type

Default value

name

string

Unknown

The name of the evaporation preset

SatPressureName

string

Antonie

The choice of the evaporation model. The possible types are Antonie, AntonieExtended, ClausiusClapeyron

atomWeight

value

58.6934

Atomic weight (amu)

gamma

value

1.6666666666666667

Specific heat ratio

coeffA

value

11.672

coeffB

value

20765.0

coeffC

value

0.0

coeffD

value

0

coeffE

value

0

coeffF

value

0

Coefficients for the AntonieExtended model

Tboiling

value

0

Tcritical

value

0

\(T_{\text{boiling}}\) and \(T_{\text{critical}}\) (K) for the ClausiusClapeyron saturated pressure model

LatentHeatVaporization

value

0

number — Latent heat of vaporization in J/kg used for ClausiusClapeyron saturated pressure model

To use another material, add the MaterialsLibrary to your JSON file, and, in it, specify a gas in the same format. Then, specify the name of your material in the Material section of the JSON file.

All default values for every built-in material can be changed. If you want to adjust the properties of a built-in material, you can specify only the field you need to adjust in the JSON file. For example, to use the AA5182 material with custom density:

{
  ...

  "Material": "AA5182",
  ...

  "MaterialsLibrary": {
    "AA5182": {
      "density"               : 2700.0,
  }
}

Gas material specification

The properties of the gas in the gas chamber influence the evaporation process. Here is the explanation of the material settings on the example of the built-in argon gas. The entry is in the MaterialsLibrary section of the JSON file. To use another gas, add the MaterialsLibrary to your JSON file, and, in it, specify a gas in the following format.

Key

Value type

Default value

name

string

Argon

Name of the gas

atomWeight

value

39.95

Atomic weight, a.u.

gamma

value

1.6666666666666667

Specific heat ratio, dimensionless

viscosity

value

2.2e-05

Gas viscosity, Pa・s

referenceVisc

value

2.2e-05

Gas Reference Viscosity at 300K, Pa・s

SutherlandConstant

value

114

Gas effective temperature (Sutherland Constant), K

thermalCond

value

0.02

Gas thermal conductivity, kg・m/(sec³・K)

density

value

1.62

Gas Density (used in the Whitaker convection model, kg/m³

Prandtl

value

0.7

Prandtl number, dimensionless

To use the specified gas, its name should be in the Camera.AmbientGas field of the JSON file.

Built-in Materials

Some materials are already specified in the default.json file. These materials are verified for the use in KiSSAM.

Ar

{
  "name": "Argon",
  "atomWeight": 39.95,
  "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
  "viscosity": 2.2e-05,
  "referenceVisc": 2.2e-05,
  "SutherlandConstant": 114,
  "thermalCond": 0.02,
  "density": 1.62,
  "Prandtl": 0.7
}

UserMaterial

{
  "name": "UserDefinedMaterial",
  "density": 8000.0,
  "viscosity": 7e-07,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      3e-06
    ],
    [
      1000,
      4e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      2000,
      5e-06
    ],
    [
      3000,
      6e-06
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": 2.0,
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1536.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1632.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    300,
    780,
    880,
    1536,
    5000
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    4000000.0,
    4150000.0,
    4800000.0,
    5200000.0,
    5200000.0,
    5200000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 2160000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1000,
      0.35
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1632,
      0.35
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.25
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 22,
  "atomicMass": 47.867,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Unknown",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 58.6934,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.672,
    "coeffB": 20765.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0
  }
}

AA5182

{
  "name": "Aluminum Alloy 5182",
  "density": 2300.0,
  "viscosity": 5e-06,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      4.99e-05
    ],
    [
      800,
      4.99e-05
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      900,
      3.5e-05
    ],
    [
      1200,
      4e-05
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      850,
      0.8
    ],
    [
      1850,
      0.45
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1,
  "Tsolidus": 850.0,
  "Tliquidus": 911.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    850.0
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    2415000.0,
    2760000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 908500000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.05
    ],
    [
      800,
      0.08
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      900,
      0.088
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.18
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 13,
  "atomicMass": 27,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Al",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 27,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 10.917,
    "coeffB": 16211,
    "coeffC": 0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 2329,
    "Tcritical": 6300,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 10500000.0
  }
}

CoCr

{
  "name": "ASTM F75CoCr",
  "density": 7800.0,
  "viscosity": 6e-07,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      3.6e-06
    ],
    [
      1577,
      7.43e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1689,
      5.7e-06
    ],
    [
      3000,
      1.042e-05
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1577,
      1.881
    ],
    [
      2577,
      1.431
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1577.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1689.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    300,
    700,
    1200,
    1577,
    1689,
    2500,
    3000
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    4200000.0,
    4200000.0,
    5000000.0,
    6000000.0,
    6400000.0,
    6200000.0,
    5400000.0,
    5000000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 2150000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1689,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1689,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 22,
  "atomicMass": 47.867,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Cobalt",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 58.6934,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.494,
    "coeffB": 20578.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0
  }
}

In625

{
  "name": "Inconel625",
  "density": 8000.0,
  "viscosity": 7e-07,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      2.914e-06
    ],
    [
      1563,
      5.44e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1623,
      5.68e-06
    ],
    [
      3000,
      8.434e-06
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1563,
      1.9
    ],
    [
      2563,
      1.55
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1563.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1623.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    900,
    1563
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    4000000.0,
    5500000.0,
    6000000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 2656000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1623,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1623,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 28,
  "atomicMass": 58.7,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Nickel",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 58.67,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.672,
    "coeffB": 20765.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0
  }
}

Ti6Al4V

{
  "name": "Ti6Al4V",
  "density": 3920.0,
  "viscosity": 2.6e-06,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      298,
      2.788e-06
    ],
    [
      1873,
      9.024e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1923,
      1.04e-05
    ],
    [
      2173,
      1.116e-05
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1877,
      1.5
    ],
    [
      2877,
      1.05
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1877.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1923.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    1173,
    1373,
    1923,
    2173
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    2840000.0,
    4040000.0,
    3030000.0,
    3160000.0,
    3160000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 1143000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1000,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1923,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "components": {
    "Al": 0.05,
    "Ti": "balanced"
  },
  "atomicNumber": 22,
  "atomicMass": 47.867,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Unknown",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 47.867,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.364,
    "coeffB": 22747.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0,
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "Ti",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 47.867,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          11.364,
          22747.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Al",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 26.981539,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          10.917,
          16211.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      }
    ],
    "ActivityMixingCoeffs": {
      "L0": [
        -108250,
        38
      ],
      "L1": [
        -6000,
        5
      ],
      "L2": [
        15000,
        0
      ]
    }
  }
}

SS316L

{
  "name": "SS316L",
  "density": 6881.0,
  "viscosity": 5.2e-07,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      3.6e-06
    ],
    [
      1573,
      6e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1723,
      5e-06
    ],
    [
      1873,
      5.4e-06
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1675,
      1.76
    ],
    [
      2675,
      0.856
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": 1e-06,
  "Tsolidus": 1675.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1708.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    300,
    1000,
    1658,
    1708,
    2000
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    3740000.0,
    4200000.0,
    5200000.0,
    5600000.0,
    5600000.0,
    5600000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 1930000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.3
    ],
    [
      1675,
      0.3
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1708,
      0.35
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.35
    ]
  ],
  "components": null,
  "atomicNumber": 26,
  "atomicMass": 55.845,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "Unknown",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 55.845,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.353,
    "coeffB": 19574.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0,
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "Fe",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 55.845,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          11.353,
          19574.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "S",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 32.065,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          10.0,
          3500.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
}

NiTi

{
  "name": "NiTi",
  "density": 6050.0,
  "viscosity": 1.2e-06,
  "tdiffusivitySolid": [
    [
      300,
      3.37e-06
    ],
    [
      1513,
      8.2e-06
    ]
  ],
  "tdiffusivityLiquid": [
    [
      1583,
      8.5e-06
    ],
    [
      3000,
      1.42e-05
    ]
  ],
  "transientConduction": "Phase",
  "surfTension": [
    [
      1513,
      1.51
    ],
    [
      3300,
      1.03
    ]
  ],
  "mushyPDAS": -1.0,
  "Tsolidus": 1513.0,
  "Tliquidus": 1583.0,
  "HeatCapacityIntervalsT": [
    0,
    300,
    1513,
    1583,
    3000
  ],
  "HeatCapacityVolumeVals": [
    3180000.0,
    3180000.0,
    3390000.0,
    3410000.0,
    6000000.0
  ],
  "LatentHeat": 2239000000.0,
  "RayAbsorptionSolid": [
    [
      300,
      0.2
    ],
    [
      1600,
      0.26
    ]
  ],
  "RayAbsorptionLiquid": [
    [
      1600,
      0.26
    ],
    [
      3000,
      0.26
    ]
  ],
  "components": {
    "Ni": 0.55,
    "Ti": "balanced"
  },
  "atomicNumber": 28,
  "atomicMass": 58.69,
  "Evaporation": {
    "name": "single-component",
    "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
    "atomWeight": 58.69,
    "gamma": 1.6666666666666667,
    "coeffA": 11.672,
    "coeffB": 20765.0,
    "coeffC": 0.0,
    "coeffD": 0,
    "coeffE": 0,
    "coeffF": 0,
    "Tboiling": 0,
    "Tcritical": 0,
    "LatentHeatVaporization": 0,
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "Ni",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 58.69,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          11.672,
          20765.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      },
      {
        "name": "Ti",
        "SatPressureName": "Antonie",
        "atomWeight": 47.867,
        "coeffsABCDEF": [
          11.364,
          22747.0,
          0.0,
          0,
          0,
          0
        ]
      }
    ],
    "ActivityMixingCoeffs": {
      "L0": [
        -153707,
        34.8594
      ],
      "L1": [
        -81824.8,
        25.8099
      ],
      "L2": [
        0,
        -10.0779
      ]
    }
  }
}